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Messali Hadj
Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj ((アラビア語:مصالي الحاج)) (1898 in Tlemcen, French Algeria - June 3, 1974 in Paris, France) was an Algerian nationalist politician dedicated to the independence of his homeland from France. He co-founded the ''Étoile nord-africaine'', the ''Parti du peuple algérien'' and the ''Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques'' before dissociating himself from the armed struggle for Independence in 1954. He also founded the ''Mouvement national algérien'' to counteract the ongoing efforts of the ''Front de libération nationale''.
== Background ==
Hadj was born in 1898 into an Algerian, his father from Ottoman origin.〔Messali avant Messali: l'invention de la nation algérienne, Jacques Simon, p. 17〕〔.〕〔.〕 and his mother from andalusian origin.〔Omar Carlier, Raphaëlle Nollez-Goldbach, Le corps du leader: Construction et représentation dans les pays du Sud, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008, p.266〕 In 1927 he was elected leader of an Algerian workers' association based in Paris. He attended the Anti-Imperialism Congress in Belgium that year, which created the League against Imperialism, and met with Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh.〔 Michael Goebel, (''Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism'' ).〕 Back in France and in his native Algeria, then a French colony, Messali helped build an underground movement and work towards Algerian independence. In the 1920s he started ''Étoile nord-africaine'' (North African Star), one of the first modern Algerian nationalist organizations, and in 1937 he founded the Algerian People's Party (PPA). Both groups were suppressed by France, and in November 1937, Messali was put on trial for agitation, and imprisoned for several years.
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